| The Francis turbine is a mixed flow type turbine with radial intake and axial discharge. This type of turbine is used for heads between 10 and 100 m. The size and capacity of some of the recently built Francis turbines is a source of wonder. The size and weight of the rotating parts present special problems for transportation and installation, especially when rivers have to be crossed and the bridges are inadequate to carry the load. Some of the areas that need to be addressed for a complete monitoring solution for the Francis turbine include: - Cavitation
- Reduced efficiency due to runner wear, increased clearances
- Flow turbulence (pulsations, recirculation and vortices)
- Generator
- Thrust bearing
- Wicket gate
- Bracket supports
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